Tire wear particles in the aquatic environment – a review on generation, analysis, occurrence, fate and
effects,

Water Research, Available online 24 March 2018, ISSN 0043-1354,

Abstract:
Tire wear particles (TWP), generated from tire material during use on
roads have gained increasing attention as part of organic particulate
contaminants, such as microplastic, in aquatic environments. The
available information on properties and generation of TWP, analytical
techniques to determine TWP, emissions, occurrence and behavior and
ecotoxicological effects of TWP are reviewed with a focus on surface
water as a potential receptor. TWP emissions are traffic related and
contribute 5 – 30 % to non-exhaust emissions from traffic. The mass of
TWP generated is estimated at 1,327,000 t/a for the European Union,
1,120,000 t/a for the United States and 133,000 t/a for Germany. For
Germany, this is equivalent to four times the amount of pesticides used.
The mass of TWP ultimately entering the aquatic environment strongly
depends on the extent of collection and treatment of road runoff, which
is highly variable. For the German highways it is estimated that up to
11,000 t/a of TWP reach surface waters. Data on TWP concentrations in
the environment, including surface waters are fragmentary, which is also
due to the lack of suitable analytical methods for their determination.
Information on TWP properties such as density and size distribution are
missing; this hampers assessing the fate of TWP in the aquatic
environment. Effects in the aquatic environment may stem from TWP itself
or from compounds released from TWP. It is concluded that reliable
knowledge on transport mechanism to surface waters, concentrations in
surface waters and sediments, effects of aging, environmental half-lives
of TWP as well as effects on aquatic organisms are missing. These
aspects need to be addressed to allow for the assessment of risk of TWP
in an aquatic environment.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1XW4YwVz84_O8AWLa21beJ53p4rNYKM7Z
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.051.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135418302471)

https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/the-exponential-increase-of-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch/

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